(From
Wikipedia; accessed 2012-02-12):
Polystylism is the use of multiple styles or techniques in literature,
art, film, or, especially, music, and is a postmodern characteristic.
Some prominent contemporary polystylist composers include Peter Maxwell Davies, Michael Colgrass,
Lera Auerbach, Sofia Gubaidulina, George Rochberg, Alfred Schnittke, Django Bates, Alexander Zhurbin, Lev Zhurbin and John Zorn. However,
Gubaidulina, among others, has rejected the term as not applicable to her work. Polystylist composers from earlier in the twentieth century include Charles Ives and Eric Satie. Among literary figures, James Joyce has been
referred to as a polystylist.
Though perhaps not the original source of the term, the first important essay on the subject is Alfred Schnittke's essay "Polystylistic Tendencies in Modern Music (1971)". The composers cited by Schnittke as those who
make use of polystylism are Alban Berg,
Luciano Berio,
Pierre Boulez,
Edison Denisov,
Hans Werner Henze,
Mauricio Kagel,
Jan Klusák,
György Ligeti,
Carl Orff,
Arvo Pärt,
Krzysztof Penderecki,
Henri Pousseur,
Rodion Shchedrin,
Dmitri Shostakovich,
Sergei Slonimsky, Karlheinz Stockhausen,
Igor Stravinsky,
Boris Tishchenko,
Anton Webern, and
Bernd Alois Zimmermann.
I don't find this definition very helpful. Is
polystylism applied to the use of multiple styles
within the same piece — this is how I understand the term — or the use of multiple styles in different works? If it is the latter, than I think the term is so widely applicable that it becomes meaningless; it would be difficult to name
any composers whose style did not change during the course of their creative lives.
Composers have often written in different styles for different occasions; one style for church music, another for chamber music, and perhaps even another for "showy" pieces like concerti, or for theatrical works. Bach's music has been described as a "fusion of national styles" (Manred Bukofzer,
Music in the Baroque Era, 1947), referring to his melding of the styles of the two dominant musical cultures of his time, Italy and France, with inherited German practices to create his own unique musical style.
In the early baroque period Monteverdi and other composers wrote in two distinct styles, referred to as
prima practica (the older, polyphonic style of Palestrina) and
seconda practica (the more modern homophonic and monodic styles, the use of basso continuo and freer dissonance treatment), also called
stile antico and
stile moderno. Even late-baroque composers like Bach (in the
B minor Mass) and Handel sometimes wrote in the
antico style, as did Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven (in the
Missa Solemnis).
Schnittke's list isn't much help either; if Boulez, Webern, and Pärt are polystylists, are there
any composers who aren't?
Here's what I think is interesting about the concept of polystylism for composers of our time:
There is a huge range of musical practices (styles, genres, techniques) coexisting in the world today. The inspiring part is that, as a composer, you can draw from any of these if you wish, AND you can even find ways to make multiple genres coexist within a composition, if that appeals to you.
This is a (limited)
list of "non-popular" music genres, from
Wikipedia:
- Art music: classical music and opera.
- Music written for the score of a play, stage musical, operetta, zarzuela, film or similar: Filmi, incidental music, video game music, music hall songs and showtunes.
- Ballroom music: tango, pasodoble, cha cha cha and others.
- Religious music: gospel, Gregorian chant, spirituals, hymns and the like.
- Military music, marches, national anthems and related compositions.
- Regional and national musics with no significant commercial impact abroad, except when a version of an international genre: Traditional music, folk, oral traditions, sea shanties, work songs, nursery rhymes, Arabesque, Chalga, Enka, Flamenco, indigenous music and Mor lam sing.
As for
popular music genres, there are so many that understanding or even listing them all is probably impossible, with lots of overlap between some genres, and disagreement about the definition for many. Nevertheless, somewhat trusty old
Wikipedia has a
list of popular music genres that you can check out
here, if you wish, broken down into the following main categories:
-
African
- Avant-Garde
- Blues
- Comedy music
- Country
- Easy listening
- Electronic
- Modern folk
- Hip Hop & Rap
- Jazz
- Latin American
- Pop
- R & B
- Rock
- Ska
- Other
Borrowing elements of the popular (or even unpopular) music of one's time has been part of compositional practice at least since the middle ages, so you wouldn't exactly be blazing new trails if you chose to do this today. What I believe is different nowadays, however, is that we are
aware of many more genres of music than was ever the case previously, thanks to communications technology such as radio, television, and especially the Internet.
Many young composers studying in universities are experiencing something akin to the prima practica and seconda practica of the early baroque period, wherein they write (or listen to) music in any of the many popular genres for bands they might be in, or write songs for solo performance, or charts for jazz performance, and then switch to another mode of composing for their contemporary classical music composition courses.
THIS HAS GOT TO STOP, PEOPLE!!!
Just kidding. I think it is wonderful that multiple musical practices coexist (variety is the spice of life, and all that), but the point of this blog is that
it is also fine and natural to explore ways of combining multiple practices in the contemporary classical music you write. And vice-versa too, if you can figure out a way to make that work.
There have been many classical composers who were influenced by jazz —
here is a limited sampling of some of them — but the influence has gone the other way as well, with jazz artists such as Bill Evans, Thelonious Monk, Duke Ellington and Herbie Hancock all
having cited the influence of classical music on their own practices.
Miles Davis'
Sketches of Spain has jazzy versions of
Rodrigo's Concierto de Aranjuez, and
de Falla's El Amor Brujo.
Just for fun, have a look at Wikipedia's
list of popular music genres some time, and see if there are any there that you could reference in some way in your next composition. How about a little African
highlife mixed with modes of limited transposition? Or
lo-fi, or
psydeco, or
elevator music, or
video game music, or
Eurodance, or
downtempo, or or
new jack swing, or …
Well, you get the picture. There are a
lot of musical genres out there, and if you find any of them musically interesting, consider incorporating aspects of these genres into your compositions if you wish.
Postscript — My response to some great comments:
Nice to see that this has engendered a discussion!
Joe (AKA "soup") writes about the importance of internal consistency in a composition, and while that is a fine principle (it seemed to work pretty well for Bach, Beethoven, Brahms, Bruckner, and possibly composers whose last names did not begin with B as well), I'm not sure that polystylism necessarily works in opposition to internal consistency.
After all, as I referenced above, Bach blended different national styles within compositions; the fourth keyboard Partita begins with a very French "Ouverture," followed by a German Allemande, a Courante that is a French dance, but this one seems to be a French/German/English hybrid, an Aria that sounds Italianate to me, a Sarabande, a dance said to have originated in Spain, although this one doesn't sound very Spanish to me, a Menuet, which is dance of French origin (although once again, I'm not sure how French this one sounds; it could be Italian or German), and a Gigue, a dance originally from England, but, when spelled this way, is French.
Is there "internal consistency" within this Partita? I would say yes, definitely, but perhaps the consistency operates on a deeper level (harmonic language, the consistent technique of Bach's musical language), whereas the stylistic differences perhaps operate more on a surface level.
Joe also mentions risks; composition involves risks, but they are of relatively minor consequence. Every composer fails a lot. If you try something and it doesn't work as expected, you just try it again, and keep at it until you are satisfied, after which you move on to the next challenge.
I don't know that polystylism increases the risk that a composition will be lacking in internal consistency very much; I think that composers for whom internal consistency is a priority will find a way to incorporate it into their music, whether they write polystylistic music or not. Put another way, "internal consitency" refers to a lot more than style, although it can refer to style as well, of course.
If you like the idea of polystylism AND you also like the idea of internal consistency, you can find a way to combine the two.
For those who haven't already heard it, here's a link to "Dream Dance," a piece some have called the finest piano composition since Greek antiquity (admitedly, the people calling it this are my kids, and I told them to say that if asked). It touches on different styles as it bops along (Gershwin, Glass, Bach, Haydn, Scott Joplin, and even some Clark Ross in there somewhere), and I *think* it has internal consistency!
In response to Richard Ford's comment, thanks for sharing your thoughts! It's always a thrill when someone I don't know leaves a comment. You raise an important point: Just how important is "internal consistency" anyway? I suspect every composer would have their own take on this, but the point is that we should at least ask the question from time to time; we don't have to follow centuries of classical music tradition if we don't think that tradition speaks to us or our audiences.
Thanks to all commentators so far, and further comments always welcome!
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